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FAQ Guide to Compensation Collection & Reporting for International Assignment Program Administrators

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Technical references correct as of December 2023

Collecting, compiling, analyzing, and reporting worldwide compensation for globally mobile employees can be an arduous process. Given the technical requirements, logistics, and time constraints of reporting, a solid understanding of the requirements and practical approaches to meeting them is critical. Below we outline common questions and answers related to compensation collection and reporting requirements as well as our recommendations on improving the process.

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Chapter 1

Aligning Payroll for Global Assignments

What are the key benefits of collaboration between an International Assignment Program Administrator and the Payroll Department?

The actual payroll process for international assignees is much more complicated than for domestic employees. Not only does an international assignee receive additional allowances in the form of cash or benefits-in-kind, but some of these allowances are likely to be delivered to the assignee in the Host country. Moving expenses and lease payments paid directly to the landlord may be paid through the Home or Host country accounts payable department or paid by the relocation management company (RMC). The Home country payroll department may not be aware of all these payments, but the program administrator should be.

 

Typically, the program administrator establishes a process to make sure that worldwide compensation data is collected and reviewed on a regular (e.g., monthly, quarterly) basis from the Host country. This information may be collected from the Host country payroll, finance, and/or human resources departments as well as the RMC. The data is reviewed by the program administrator to confirm it is complete and accurate before giving it to payroll to update the employee’s W-2. Thus, payroll supports—but is not responsible for—administering the international assignment program.

 

Another area of confusion for payroll is assignment length. Whether or not an allowance is taxable depends on the nature of the international assignment. The program administrator must notify the payroll department of the length of each assignment and of any changes that affect the taxability of compensation items. For example, while moving expenses are not deductible in the US for tax years 2018-2025 under US domestic rules, a short-term assignee coming to the US from a treaty country may be able to claim a treaty position whereby the employer-funded moving costs are not subject to US taxation. Depending on the wording of the relevant treaty clause, this may be the case where the assignee is present in the US for no more than 183 during the year (or period specified by the treaty), and all costs of remuneration are borne by the Home country entity.

 

The program administrator is often responsible for establishing and maintaining the infrastructure, policies, and procedures for a well-run international assignment program. Written policies and procedures are a basic requirement of an international assignment program. The policies and procedures should be distributed to, and discussed with, the Home and Host country payroll, finance, and human resources departments. International assignment payroll issues are unique and complex, requiring ongoing communications. Quarterly meetings with the Home country payroll department to review and discuss international assignment policies, procedures, and issues will help ensure a successful program.

Chapter 2

Timely Reporting for Mitigating Compliance Risks

For simplicity and convenience, our company gathers each international assignee’s foreign allowance reimbursements and reports the income in the W-2 only at year-end. I’ve recently heard we should gather and report these reimbursements more regularly. Why?

There are many reasons that foreign allowances should be reported as income in periods other than just at year-end (i.e., calendar or fiscal). The first is that from a payroll compliance perspective, income paid to or on behalf of an employee is required to be reported in the period that the item is paid to or on behalf of the employee. This reporting is required so the employee and the employer pay their required income and social taxes at the correct time.

 

Upon examination, a payroll auditor could determine the company has reported the correct earnings, but the taxes were remitted in an incorrect quarter. By under-reporting in a particular quarter, the company is exposed to penalties and interest in one quarter and a refund in a different quarter. While the tax would be the same, the assessment of penalties and interest for the under-reporting in a quarter would likely not be recovered.

 

Another benefit to collecting foreign allowance information on a more frequent basis is the ability to review what is being paid on behalf of the assignee. Misunderstandings about what expenses the company will be responsible for versus the assignee can be resolved sooner rather than later. Asking an assignee to repay amounts incorrectly paid on their behalf more than a year after they receive the original benefit can be tricky at best.

 

Year-end is always a busy time. By collecting foreign allowance information on a more regular basis (e.g., monthly), the amount of year-end work is reduced. It is also easier to resolve discrepancies since finding what was paid last month is more efficient than trying to find something that happened a year ago. It is also important to consider the fact that non-US locations may have a fiscal rather than a calendar year-end as well as different reporting requirements—a more frequent review of allowances would support these foreign reporting and withholding needs.

 

As with many international assignment issues, a decision needs to be made regarding the risk the company is willing to take in deciding what pay period to report the foreign assignment allowance income. You should consider reviewing this with your corporate tax department and mobility tax provider.

 

Chapter 3

Efficient Payment Collection for Global Assignments

Do you have suggestions on how to gather international assignment related payments?

Automated tools to collect this information are limited and can be expensive. If your international assignment population is large, you may be able to justify the cost of one of these automated systems. Otherwise, the collection of assignment location payments is often done via a standard spreadsheet (e.g., using a secure portal). The spreadsheet can be collected in either Home or Host country currency. The spreadsheet should be clearly marked as to what currency is utilized so that it can easily be determined if any exchange rate conversion needs to be done to facilitate tax reporting.

 

Benefits that are frequently provided in the assignment location should be individually identified by compensation component. For example, there may always be a column in the spreadsheet for assignment location taxes, housing, automobiles, education, etc. Be sure to include a section for all other payments that allows room for descriptions so a review of the taxability of the "other" payments can be made. The valuation and taxability of items may vary under Home and Host country tax rules.

 

If you have an international location where the person responsible for accumulating the payment detail is not responsive, consider asking your finance department for support to collect this information. Including the reporting of international assignment payments in the monthly financial statement closing process provides visibility for the international assignment program and places accountability on the person responsible for accumulating the information.

 

Monthly collection can be the most time efficient method of gathering the international assignment allowance payments. It is easier to accumulate the payments shortly after the expenditure rather than a year after the fact.

 

Chapter 4

Optimizing Compensation Reporting

We have a problem collecting worldwide compensation information on December 31. Can we use an earlier cutoff date for reporting various compensation elements for international assignees?

Let's begin by defining "cutoff date." A cutoff date is an end date for including various items in annual compensation reporting. The “technically correct” cutoff date for US compensation reporting is December 31. However, many companies select a cutoff date prior to December 31 as a practical solution to meeting the year-end payroll deadlines in Home and Host locations.

 

Note: We are not talking about the reporting of salary or other items regularly delivered through the payroll process. We are reviewing the reporting of other noncash assignment benefits paid on behalf of the international assignee by accounts payable that are not a part of the regular payroll process.

 

From a practical perspective, collecting items paid for by accounts payable in the last month of the year-end reporting period is difficult. Using a calendar year tax-reporting period as an example, it is almost impossible to include the items paid in December in the December year-end reports. This can especially be a problem if you outsource payroll. Payroll service companies generally have a set date they stop accepting data for inclusion in the year-end reports so they can complete the annual reports in a timely manner.

 

A common practice is to set an earlier cutoff date for accumulating data that is to be included in the annual compensation reports. For example, when processing domestic relocations, employees who move in November and December have their taxable relocation reported in the next year's compensation. The delayed reporting often applies to taxable relocation items reimbursed via expense report or directly billed to the company. Note the IRS does allow this type of cut-off only for certain non-cash fringe benefits. As such, this practical approach is often not technically correct, unless the reporting cut-off date is also used as a cut-off date from the actual expense reimbursements.

 

Using a cutoff date of October 31 or November 30 for international assignees in calendar year locations may make sense for your program. This allows you time to collect the data paid in the Host locations and review it prior to inclusion in the year-end payroll. The review process allows you to identify items that are being paid inappropriately as well as to locate items that you know were paid but have not yet been reported to you. However, careful implementation and consideration of payroll risks is required. You should review with both your payroll and tax departments the use of a cutoff date other than December 31 prior to implementing this practice.

 

Chapter 5

Considerations for Using Earlier Cutoffs

What should we be aware of if we use an earlier cutoff date?

You may treat the value of certain non-cash benefits provided during the last two months of the calendar year, or any shorter period within the last two months, as paid during the subsequent calendar year. This rule doesn’t mean an employer, who treats all benefits as provided during the last two months of a calendar year, can defer including the entire value of such benefits until the subsequent year. Rather, only the value of the benefit actually provided during the last two months of the calendar year can be treated as provided in the subsequent calendar year.

 

Once you determine that an earlier cutoff date is appropriate and you implement this methodology, you have established an accounting method for reporting your international assignees' compensation. This method should continue in future years. The key is to be consistent with the period you collect data for inclusion in the year-end payroll reports.

 

You may decide to refine your cutoff date for international assignees that move home near the end of the tax year. Extending your cutoff date to December 31 for this group of assignees may streamline tax return filings in the Host country. The goal is to finalize all Host country tax filings at an appropriate time and to ease the clear-out process for the returned assignee. Your most practical approach in this case may be to include everything you can in the original payroll filings and then file a corrected report after the close of the fiscal year.

 

Again, for assignees who have returned, be sure to work with the division controller so adequate excess tax and relocation accruals are made for the trailing assignment costs. From time to time this accrual gets missed and there is often an unwelcome surprise associated with relocation or excess tax costs being billed late to the appropriate department. Late billing to the Host location for these costs could create a situation where the company cannot deduct the costs in the Host country and as a result the corporate benefits associated with the deduction of these costs would be lost. Additionally, the accrual needs to match the expenses associated with the group that sponsored the assignment, especially if these expenses are billed to another entity in the corporate group or to a customer.

 

Note that the early cutoff method may not be recognized in the Host location. Each country’s compensation reporting rules should be reviewed in advance to determine if an early cutoff will be recognized. If the early cutoff method is not recognized in a particular country, a process for adjusting the worldwide year-end compensation report should be planned out and discussed with the parties involved in the annual compensation collection and reporting process.

 

Chapter 6

Exploring Split Payroll Mechanisms

What is a split payroll, and why would it be utilized?

When an employee is sent on an international assignment, most companies keep the assignee as an employee of the Home country company. The Home country employer retains substantial control over the assignee, including the right to hire or fire. As an employee of the Home country company, the assignee remains on the Home country payroll system. This assures the assignee's continued participation in the Home country benefits plans.

 

Paying the assignee from their Home country provides funds in Home country currency to pay ongoing obligations such as a home mortgage. The assignee may also need funds in Host country currency. To accommodate this need, the employer may deliver a portion of the base salary and allowances in Host country currency. Thus, the payroll delivery is "split" into two currencies. The assignee is paid partially from the Home country payroll and partially from the Host country payroll. Split payroll is simply a payroll delivery mechanism.

 

Reasons why a company would utilize a split payroll:

  • Allow employees to continue to contribute to their Home country social tax and retirement programs.
  • Protect the employee from currency rate fluctuations. If the cost-of-living allowance (COLA) is delivered in Host country currency, the employee is protected from fluctuations in exchange rates.
  • Decrease the need to frequently adjust COLA, if paid in Host country currency. Small currency rate fluctuations would not necessitate a change in COLA.
  • Lessen the assignee's frustration relating to the international transfer of money. Wire transfers are expensive and often difficult for an individual, though recently introduced FinTech apps have greatly simplified assignees’ ability to transfer funds cross-border quickly and cheaply.
  • Increase tax planning opportunities, where available. Delivering assignment allowances in a tax effective manner can, in certain instances, reduce the Host country tax liability.
  • Facilitate Home and Host country tax payments.

Split payroll does have its disadvantages.

  • It is complex to administer.
  • Controlling and maintaining payroll delivery can be extremely difficult without written policies and procedures.
  • Gathering the allowances paid in the Host country for Home country payroll reporting can be daunting.

Nonetheless, many companies find that split payroll is more satisfactory to their international assignees and can be cost effective for the company.

 

Chapter 7

Taxable Benefits and Understanding Imputed Income

The Payroll Department has asked if our international assignees had any imputed income. What is imputed income?

Generally anything paid to or on behalf of an international assignee for the performance of services is taxable to the individual as income. Imputed income is a benefit delivered in kind (a non-cash payment) to the individual for the performance of services. Examples of imputed income include personal use of a company automobile, rent-free accommodations in company housing, employer provided tax preparation services, and country club dues.

 

An individual is usually taxable on the value of non-cash payments as imputed income or earnings unless otherwise exempted by law. Imputed income treatment applies to benefits delivered in either the Home or Host location.

 

 

Why is it necessary to report imputed income in the assignee’s W-2?

 

 

Imputed income is taxable to the assignee (unless specifically exempt). Because it is delivered for the performance of services (related to employment), it must be included in the assignee's Form W-2 to accurately reflect the assignee's taxable wage-related income.

 

While certain items are considered imputed income for US income tax purposes, they are not necessarily taxable in the same manner in other countries. For example, in some countries a rent-free housing benefit is not taxed at all, or only a portion of the fair value of the benefit is taxable.

Chapter 8

Assessing Per Diem W-2 Reporting

Why do we sometimes include per diems in income?

Per diem allowances are frequently provided to employees to reimburse them for certain expenses incurred while temporarily away from home (one year or less) on a work assignment.

 

Whether the per diem payments are reported in the W-2 as income depends on several factors including:

  • If the employee meets the IRS requirements to be considered temporarily away from his/her tax home (i.e., to be away from the general area of your tax home for a period substantially longer than an ordinary day’s work AND to require sleep or rest to meet the demands of work while away from home for a period of up to one year – IRS Publication 463).
  • If the employee incurs deductible expenses while performing services as an employee (which may occur even if the employee doesn’t work on that day).
  • If the employee adequately accounts to the employer for the expenses within a reasonable period of time (i.e., within 60 days of incurring the expense – IRS Publication 535).
  • If any excess reimbursements are returned to the employer within a reasonable period of time (i.e., within 120 days of incurring the expense – IRS Publication 535).

Impact to the employee:

  • If all conditions above are met, the employer may be able to exclude the per diem amounts from the employee’s wages.
  • If any of the conditions above are not met, the employer must include the per diem amounts in the employee's wages.
  • If the per diem is required to be included in the W-2, the per diem would also be subject to income and social tax withholding.

Impact to the employer:

  • Expenses that qualify to be excluded from an employee’s W-2 can be claimed as a business deduction as allowed under the rules for deducting travel, and meals and entertainment expenses.
  • Expenses that do not qualify to be excluded from an employee’s W-2 can still be claimed as a business deduction, but under the rules for employee compensation.

 

Chapter 9

Assessing Year-End Assignee Payroll

At year-end, what are the top issues relating to long-term international assignee payroll?

Hopefully, you've been collecting Host country payroll information on a regular (i.e., monthly, quarterly) basis for each of your long-term international assignees. Now is the time to do a final review of the Host country payroll information to make sure that:

  • All prior discrepancies have been resolved.
  • All Host country compensation payments have been collected.
  • Host country tax payments are correct, with no duplication of prior year's reporting.
  • State wages are shown properly (for assignees who will break state tax residency during their international assignment, it will be especially important to review and consider whether all wages reported for US federal purposes are also reportable for state purposes).

In cooperation with your Home country payroll department, prepare each assignee's compensation summary. Review the summary to ensure that:

  • Home country base salary and assignment allowances are correct.
  • Hypothetical tax and any tax equalization settlements have been properly reported.
  • There is no duplication of allowances between Host and Home country payroll.
  • The compensation summary total agrees with the W-2.
  • Host and Home country tax payments are correctly listed.
  • Any gross ups of tax paid by the company (e.g., Medicare tax on relocation payments) are itemized for consideration in the tax equalization calculation.

Send each assignee a copy of their compensation summary. Often, the compensation summary is included with the W-2. Sending the summary with the W-2 helps the assignee understand the components included in the W-2 and why the wages shown on the W-2 are so large.

 

Don't forget year-end payroll for the assignees' Host country taxes! Who is responsible for providing the year's compensation to the Host country? And to whom is the information sent? Compensation reporting becomes particularly confusing when dealing with Host countries having a fiscal year-end that is different from the Home country year-end. As a part of the Host country payroll process, be sure to confirm the differences in the taxability of Home and Host employee benefits such as 401(k) plans, company cars, etc. This will assist with the Host country tax preparation process.

 

On a yearly basis, written procedures should be discussed with, confirmed by, and distributed to, everyone involved, including Home and Host country payroll, human resources, and accounts receivable departments as well as your company's tax service providers.

 

Chapter 10

Preventing Year-End Payroll Concerns

What actions can a program administrator take to anticipate and eliminate year-end payroll related problems the international assignee might have before they occur?

Anticipating the payroll concerns of your international assignees and proactively dealing with their questions will help your year-end wrap-up go smoothly.


  • Send a short email at the end of January reminding the international assignees that all their assignment allowances and benefits-in-kind are reportable W-2 income.

  • Send both the assignee's W-2 and a copy of the compensation summary to the assignee.
  • On the compensation summary, itemize the applicable taxes paid on behalf of the assignee. Such amounts may be Host country tax payments, Home country tax payments, and estimated tax payments for either the Home or Host country.
  • Providing these detailed explanations of all the taxes the company has paid on behalf of the assignee during the year will assist the employee in reviewing the final tax equalization.
  • On the compensation summary, list all gross ups paid by the company.
  • Discuss tax equalization or other possible surprises related to withholding from bonuses, stock options, etc. before the assignee receives the final tax equalization for the year. This is particularly important when the tax equalization reflects amounts due from the assignee to the company.

Chapter 11

Top US Payroll Issues for Long-Term Assignees and Foreign Nationals

At year-end, what are the top payroll issues for long-term assignees to the US (foreign nationals) of which I should be aware?

Ask the following questions to ensure that your company's foreign national program is on track for year-end.

  • Are all the I-9's on file? Form I-9 is an employment eligibility verification form required for all employees. Note that beginning November 1, 2023, only the new Form I-9 dated 08/01/23 may be used.
  • Have we reviewed the payroll issues for those foreign nationals to the US who remain on their Home country payroll?
  • Has every foreign national's Home country payroll department provided the necessary compensation information for each pay period?
  • Have we confirmed the data is accurate and complete? In some instances, the US requires certain items to be reported in income that aren’t reportable in the Home country, and vice versa. For example, the company's contribution to the foreign national's Home country retirement fund may be taxable in the US but may not be taxable or reportable in their Home country. (The contribution may be taxable in the US if the retirement plan is not an approved US plan or if it is not covered under an income tax treaty.)
  • As applicable, has the US payroll department been provided with the compensation information necessary to correctly calculate and timely pay the applicable US federal, state, and FICA (Social Security and Medicare tax) withholdings each pay period?
  • Do we need to explain US payroll requirements to each Home country payroll department and implement written procedures?
  • Have we included all required compensation for foreign nationals on US payroll?
  • Are allowances paid from accounts payable included?
  • Were any payments made from the Home country employer such as residual payments or Home country retirement fund contributions?
  • Are the foreign nationals working under a visa that doesn’t require US FICA taxes to be paid? For example, FICA taxes may not be required to be remitted during the period that a foreign national is working in the US under an F or J visa, saving both the employee and employer portion of FICA tax.
  • Are the foreign nationals from countries that have a Totalization Agreement with the US? If so, have we confirmed that both the Home country and US payroll departments have a copy of each foreign national's certificate of coverage on file?
  • If foreign nationals are from countries that don’t have a Totalization Agreement with the US, is FICA being paid on behalf of the foreign nationals? Under a typical tax equalization policy, the company will typically pay both the company and individual's portion of FICA.
  • Is FUTA being paid for all long-term foreign nationals who are working in the US and are not holding an F or J visa? Totalization agreements apply to FICA but not to FUTA (Federal Unemployment Tax Act) and agreements relating to unemployment tax are very limited.
  • Are we able to identify the foreign nationals who will be ending their US assignments in the coming year?
  • Is it possible to contain, and often reduce, the foreign national’s assignment tax costs by proactively planning and correctly timing the end of each assignment?

 

What are the foreign nationals’ “hot buttons” relating to year-end payroll?

 

 

Foreign nationals often ask fewer questions than US expatriates regarding their assignment-related US payroll because they are not familiar with the year-end payroll process and Form W-2. Encourage them to review this annual statement of wages, Form W-2.

Remind them about their responsibilities related to the US tax preparation process and encourage them to start gathering the required information.

If applicable, discuss tax equalization or other possible surprises related to hypothetical tax withholding from bonuses, stock options, etc. before the assignee receives the final tax equalization for the year. This is particularly important if the tax equalization reflects amounts due to the company from the assignee.

Anticipating the payroll concerns of your foreign nationals and proactively dealing with their questions will assist you through the final tax equalization process.

 

Chapter 13

Top US Payroll Issues for Short-Term Assignees

At year-end, what are the top issues for short-term assignment payroll I should be aware of?

For many companies, assignments that are more than 30 days but last one year or less are considered short-term. As a result, some companies have a separate policy describing the benefits that the short-term assignee is entitled to receive during the assignment. The reimbursed expenses relating to the short-term assignment, such as transportation, housing, meals, incidentals, etc. are considered ordinary and necessary business expenses and are not reported on the W-2 as taxable or excludable income. So, why would there be payroll issues for short-term assignees?

 

In some instances, the company will pay for or reimburse expenses that aren’t considered ordinary and necessary business expenses. Such payments/reimbursements are reportable and taxable W-2 income. Examples of short-term assignment reimbursements that give rise to reportable and taxable W-2 income include:

  • The company pays to have family members accompany the employee to the temporary location. Any expense paid on behalf of a family member is reportable and taxable compensation to the employee.
  • A portion of the housing expense at the temporary location must be allocated to accompanying family members.
  • The company reimburses schooling for accompanying family members at the temporary location.
  • The company pays transportation or other expenses for family members to visit the employee in the temporary location.
  • A per diem is provided for family members while at the temporary location.
  • The assignee is subject to Host country income and social taxes during an international short-term assignment.

The administrator for the short-term assignment program needs to verify what’s being paid and for whom, and then give the necessary W-2 reportable items to the payroll department.

 

Other issues to be considered:

  • Is the assignee tax equalized? If yes, has the tax equalization settlement been reported to payroll?
  • Will the company pay the taxes on family related reimbursements?
  • If on an assignment in an international location, does the assignee have a valid visa/work permit?
  • How will the Host country income and social taxes (if any) be paid?
  • Has payroll been advised of an employee working temporarily in another state?
  • If required, has the state withholding tax been implemented for the work in the temporary location?
  • Has the assignment length been extended beyond one year?
  • Will the assignee receive a summary of the assignment-related compensation that is included in the W-2?

Companies often utilize short-term assignments to get the right person to the right job as quickly as possible, which unfortunately means that HR and payroll may be notified after the fact, if at all. These assignments often change without warning, or the assignee is back at their home base before a year passes.

 

Administering short-term assignments is challenging. As usual, we strongly recommend having a written policy and procedures for short-term assignments, which should be sent to all departments utilizing such assignments. A short email, sent yearly, to remind the departments of the need to comply with the procedures, and the risks involved with non-compliance, will help control and manage this challenge.

 

 

What are short-term assignee’s “hot buttons” relating to year-end payroll?

 

 

As mentioned above, short-term assignments are usually implemented quickly, with little planning or support. The employee is often told to just go do the job and everything will be taken care of later. Then, at year-end (or worse, a year later) an inflated W-2 is received.

 

We can well imagine the assignees’ payroll related questions and issues:

  • Why is my W-2 income greater than my base salary?
  • How do I know if my W-2 is correct?
  • Why am I receiving two state W-2s?
  • Am I responsible for paying the income and FICA tax on the increased income?
  • Did the company calculate a gross up on any of the income?
  • How much gross up tax did the company pay?
  • Why didn't someone warn me about this?!

In an ideal world, the assignee receives a pre-assignment briefing to educate them about the company's policy for short-term assignment benefits, taxes, processes, and (if applicable) equalization.

 

At year-end the employee should receive a compensation summary with their W-2. The summary should detail not only all taxable allowances included, but also all advances and gross ups paid by the company on their behalf.

Chapter 14

Support for International Mobility Tax Challenges

Who can help me and my international assignees through this process? 

Managing a global mobility program is challenging, and dealing with complex global tax laws can be overwhelming. That’s where a trusted partner comes in—to help you navigate the intricate tax issues linked to mobile employees, whether domestic or international.

 

Wherever your business stands in terms of adhering to payroll reporting requirements, GTN is here to provide support. We offer a thorough evaluation of your current payroll processes and suggest improvements as needed. Whether you're new to managing payroll for cross-border employees or seeking enhancements for an established payroll department, we have the expertise to assist you.

 

Schedule a call to ease your worries and gain clarity on your mobility tax program.

 

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